The Role of Economic Growth and FDI in Ecological Footprint and the Load Capacity Factor: Evidence From Türkiye

among the leading and desired objectives of policymakers. Thus,
various investigations have been conducted, considering different
social, political, and economic factors to lessen environmental
degradation and improve biocapacity. Within this context, Türkiye is
one of the most essential cases because of its location and role in the
global supply chain, emerging countries' members, and the severity
of the environmental situation. Thus, the study employs the Fourier
ARDL, FADL co-integration tests, FMOLS estimations with Fourier
Terms, and Fourier Toda-Yamamoto analysis to investigate the role
of economic growth and FDI in ecological footprint and the load
capacity factor along with considering some control variables over
the period between 1982 to 2021. As a result of the investigations, it
is concluded that the economic growth, the FDI, and the remaining
variables do not promote impact the load capacity factor. However,
the considered variables pressure the environment when the
ecological footprint is regarded as the environmental indicator, and
the pollution haven hypothesis holds for Türkiye. To reverse and
mitigate the harmful effects of economic activities, efforts, and
policies should be made toward environmentally friendly forms of
production, trade, FDI, and renewable energy sources.